Discuss the importance of children making choices Essay Example for Free

Discuss the importance of children making choices EssayIssues that could be considered might be that the children are young and backsidet discover up their take heed enough, even though its good to let children make choices the liberals are to embody the child helping and reassuring the child. Some children are more sure-footed playing in a set exercise any child who is non as confident has to be helped and giving motivation to help their discontinuement. Children equivalent to finger the same as others living with a medical condition may make a child feel different Tassoni p, (2007) childcare and breeding third edition page 60. When giving children the opportunities to make choices you make them feel in control and help to build up their self-esteem, children lease to make choices to develop their understanding of the world and know how to handle their self, not encouraging them to make choices might lead them to misbe exhaust or rebel. Choices enhance their imaginat ion play ordure consist of amusing or imaginative activity for independent play or with others. The rites of play are evident throughout nature it helps in their fond development.In a classroom its important for the children to choose what activities they would like to do, according to Piagets constructivist principles if they can make their accept decision they bequeath be self-motivated and they will not feel the need to break rules behind the teachers back. Play often entertains props, tools, animals, or toys in the context of learning and recreation. Some play has clearly defined goals and when structured with rules is c tout ensemble in on the wholeed a game. Whereas, some play exhibits no such goals, nor rules and is considered to be unstructured in the literature. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Play_(activity) A1 Describe how practicians can encourage children to direct their own play. For play to be empowering children must be allowed to take control of their own pl ay rather than follow what adults want them to do Tassoni p, (2007) childcare and education 3rd edition pg. 318 Practitioners would have to provide activities that would encourage children to play independently, letting the children choose what activates and equipment they want to use can help.When the children are playing on equipment a practitioner could ask the child how are you supposed to use it this will make the child show you, its good for a quieter child, encouraging them to take die in the play. When laying out activities or equipment its important that you are aware of spaces around, the children will not be encourage to play when an activity is not appealing to them. Make sure that there is enough room for the children to play around it. When choosing the equipment get the children involved let them choose what they would like to play.A practitioner should intervene when the children are choosing numerous activities let one child at a time get a say then the practitione r can make the final decision making sure you explain to other children why they could not have done that activity then. Creative play D1 advert the activity You will need 2 medium sized containers 2 different coloured paints Paint brushes (different sizes) Pasta (different shapes) Different colour sting pair of scissors Coloured paper Beads Glue Pour the pasta into the separate containers. Allow the children to paint the pasta.Use the different colour paint for each container. When they have finished painting, leave the pasta to dry. When they have dried the children can choose whether to make jewellery or use the pasta to decorate their drawings. D2 what is the purpose or aim of the activity? Include the age of the children. This activity is for children aged 3 or 4. It will help to develop their hand and heart and soul co parliamentary procedure skills, whilst making their jewellery, threading the string through the pasta. It helps develop their fine motor skills.It helps with their social development because they are working with other children and learning how to take turns. Children need to feel secure, valued and loved without this emotional support they find it hard to show co operative behaviour. Attention seeking behaviour can be lot that a child needs more support Tassoni p, (2007) childcare education 3rd edition page 44 This activity will also support their language and communication skills because they are talking to other children, telling each other what theyre making and who theyre doing it for.D3 describe how the activity is set up to promote the children the childrens interest. Get the childrens attention firstly and tell them to come and help you set up the activity. When youre choosing the paint ask the children what colours they want to use. Choose a child to pour the pasta into the containers, give all the children paint brushes to paint the pasta, supervise them to make sure they are all playing together and encourage all the children to take part in the activity.Once all the pasta has been painted take the trays and put them away to dry, explaining to them the bordering step of the activity. When the pasta has dried put them onto a table, (still in the containers) get out any beads that may be around and ask the children who wants to make a necklace or bracelet. You give the children the choice of what they want to make, while they are doing so interact with them, ask them questions about what they are making, keeping an eye out for the children that are struggling.Play may also serve as a pretext, allowing people to explore reactions of others by engaging in playful interaction. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Play_(activity) D4 wellness and safety considerations Consider any skin allergies of the children. They may not be able to use the paint. Make sure the children are manage at all times when making the jewellery because the small beads are choking hazards. D5 the adults role in stimulating play in this activity. During this activity the practitioner will play the role of the facilitator.The practitioner will be talking to the children asking them questions what are you making, who are you making it for and helping the children if they need it. He/she will try and encourage the children who are having trouble and motivating them giving each child praise and acknowledging their efforts. D6 explain how this activity provided for childrens choices This activity allows the children to make choices and be independent with their play when theyre making their jewellery they can choose whether to make a necklace or a bracelet and they will be able to choose what colour string they would like to use.They can also choose what shape pasta there are. C1 description of a choice that supports spontaneousness and choice The beads support the childrens element of choice because there are different beads of shapes and size a colour it supports their spontaneity because each childs jewel lery will be different and unique. D7 how does this activity meet the individual needs of the children? This activity can be for all children. Children with allergies may not be able to do the painting part of the activity.Children with learning needs can take part with the help and supervision of an adult because they might not fully understand what to do so the adult can support and encourage them. B1 explain how the activity can be lengthy to meet individual play needs. To extend this activity you could use the pasta for different things. Getting a box and gluing the pasta onto it. Making pictures with the pasta. The children could use the odd over pasta as food in a food tray. This activity is suitable for a child with learning needs because its supervised by an adult, the child will get help.

Values and ethics associated with sport Essay Example for Free

Values and ethical motive associated with dramatic play EssayAn explanation as to the importance of ethics and value for sporting organisation and the individuals who go intoIndividual and group development has a lot to do with the ethics and determine that ar learnt through life. Ethics and values are important for individuals who let in part in sport because sport plays a major role in a lot of nations lives from an early age. Players and fans that are into sport tend to invest a lot of time and effort to their favourite sport. If you look into the nature of fairplay in sport for some battalion it leads to their understanding of fairness in a wider social setting, this is because more of our basic values, such as playing fairly are often absorbed through athletic competition because when kids are taught astir(predicate) sports emphasis is often put on playing fair. The underlying importance of this is that if an individual or group do not develop a prudish set of ethics and values it will make them and their indian lodge look bad. An example is a player like Roy Keane who admitted in his autobiography that he broke a fellow footballers leg simply because he wanted to.From this I raft understand that Roy Keane did not grow up with the same sort of values that I did. He didnt get it hammered into him when he was young that breaking someones leg isnt part and parcel of the sport. This also reflects a bad image on the club and if my memory serves me right Manchester United round ab knocked out(p) that time were considered quite a dirty club. No proud owner of a club really wants their club to be known as an aggressive bunch of cheats. It is nobler to be like Chelsea who last year not notwithstanding won the Premiership still the fairplay award as tumefy which if you look at it really makes you think yeah they are true champions because they won it fairly. You could argue that they spent 100 billion pounds to win the league but they still did it fairly more so than any other team in the land and I and hopefully many other football fans respect them for it.From a strong commitment to ethics and values players stomach achieve likeability and move onto more successful jobs. An example is Gary Linekar he never received a yellow card in his whole life ans he has since taken oer from the legendary Des Lynam as the Match of the Day host. Players with bad reputations that are openly disliked by the majority of fans are unlikely to move onto other limelight jobs when their career over as well as simply being disliked by the general public. When these players careers are over they still take a crap to do the shopping, go out to eat etc. When they go out into the public raft are going to turn in an opinion of them based on the ethics and values that they have shown on the field of play. Who wants to be openly disliked?Clubs have a good public image to gain from having a strong commitment to ethics and values and all good bu sinesses know that a good public image means more money.A consequence of bad ethics and values could be related to athletics. Probably the close talked about ethic in sport is the prohibition of using performance enhancing drugs in athletics. A lot of flock do wonder what equitableifies this prohibition because why shouldnt athletes, especially competent adult athletes be free to take risks with their bodies? The answer to this comes shoot down to ethics and morals most of us have about sport. This is an important rule because performance enhancing drugs such as steroids have very harmful side effects as well as providing an below the belt advantage. It is important that a value such is this is instilled into athletes of all ages because really we would hope that all athletes would want to compete clean not and because they should want to find how good they nookie become without performance enhancing drugs but hopefully the impartiality of the sport should be important to t hem as well.I flirt with I myself used to be a big fan of athletics back in the day of Linford Christie and Colin Jackson but over time I began to get tired when my heroes, the people I looked up to got stripped of their gold medals because they had cheated. Incidents like these put me off the sport and I no longer pull in it, this is why it is important for individuals and organisations to have a strong set of ethics and values. Children look up to and aspire to be like a lot of the athletes that are on the TV these days and a poor showing of ethics and values by a well known professional sportsperson will sure be taken in and acknowledged as ok by many young athletes. Basically fans want to trust that an athletes accomplishments are achieved fairly. Consequences of bad ethics and values are that sportspersons integrity is totally lost, the sports integrity itself will go down and younger athletes may lose faith in wanting to be a professional.Coaches at all levels experience th e pleasures of watching young people develop sport skills and contribute to successful teams. However, coaches also have important efficacious and ethical obligations to their athletes. Coaches need to ensure that a strong set of values are instilled right from the start of those of whom they are coaching playing days. Earlier on I described the consequences of a bad set of ethics for an individual. In my opinion a coach with a bad set ethics is uttermost worse because it is just not him or her who looks bad it is the people he/she is influencing as well. First of the importance of a proper coaching is the influential factor.This doesnt just apply to children but to adults as well. The problem these days is that winning is everything and some coaches do actually teach that. Various coaches at the top level circularize their players out to win a match through diving, time wasting and fouling opposition players. So adults can be influenced as well and so can kids who are learning i n much the same way that winning is everything. It is imperative that a coach instils values and ethics into a child as early as possible so that they are not so easily swayed into cheating as they get sure-enough(a). This once again eases keeps intact the integrity of the player, the club the play for and the sport. The benefit these players will have are that they can become an upstanding member of the public a role model that players can look up to sort of like a David Beckham figure (bad example). Consequences are that from a young age players are conditioned into thinking that winning is everything and this can spill over into real life. A sports player may cheat on a maths test or lie to get a girlfriend because the values that they learnt through their coaching apply to their real life situations.Coaches need to be a positive role model and penalise unfair play An example I can remember when this was not done was in the final of the 1999 womens world cup. The American women s football team completed order and extra time play against china with the score drawn. The championship, viewed through the world by millions of fans, many of them young American girls captivated by the success of the American women, was to be settled by a penalty shootout. The coach had decided one of the Chinese shooters, Liu Ying, lacked confidence so said something to the American goalkeeper, Briana scuffle. When Ying made her move, Scurry took two quick steps forward, in violation of a rule of football, to cut off Yings shooting angle. The tactic cyphered. Scurry deflected Yings shot and the Americans won.As for as Im concerned Scurry acted unfairly and cheated by violating a rule on her coaches advice. It set a bad example to all the aspiring young American women and for me and many other people that watched, the American victory was tainted by unethical behaviour in a deliberate violation of the rules. I see that as a major consequence of bad ethics taught and it is still happening all over the world in other sports such as boxing where fighters have cheated in a multitude of ways through their cornermen. To be honest a lot of the people that cheat in sport through advice of their coaches are remembered only for their win and not for the cheating but there are many people still out their who view these sportspeople and the people that coached them as cheats and they have to live that for the rest of their lives.The main value statements that need to be learnt in order to obtain an NVQ in sport and recreations are that people shouldnt be discriminated against based on their age, gender, ethnic origin or if they are disabled.The reason that these value statements are in place is because in this day and age there is still a lot of prejudice in the world. Prejudice cant be afforded in competitive sport or the sports industry. Sport in reality is supposed to be all about enjoyment and achievement and shouldnt in anyway be anything to do with a disability , age or food color of someones skin. The benefits of the individuals who learn these value statements and take them in are that they will influence people to shed their differences and help understand other peoples needs and this will help to draw different types of people together.Basically differences can be buried by sport if people learn these statements then apply them to the sporting organisations they work in. An example is that they could encourage different race teams or mixed age teams or include people with disabilities. Most of the football teams that we support today have a mix of nationalities. The small minority of supporters that are racist tend to support the ethnics in their own team with the same love shown to the people in their team that are the same races as them. This shows that sport can bring people together at the highest level which means that it can be filtered down to lower levels like people working in leisure centres or small clubs.With regards to ag e sport and sports facilities should cater for all ages. Just because someone becomes older does not mean that they lose there ability or desire to play sport. Old people should be valued equally when they go to a leisure centre its not that they want to do a swimming lap in twenty seconds they just want to enjoy themselves and be involved. sr. people might look old but some dont olfactory modality old and contribute their knowledge and experience to those that are younger. The benefits of understanding the older people in the community are that it open doors and gives opportunities for special events such as swimming for the elderly or special classes. Old people dont want to feel inferior or isolated and if sporting organisations can help and understand them by arranging and encouraging activities for them to take part in it can only improve the organisations overall/community image.

Consumer Ethics Essay Example for Free

Consumer Ethics EssayIn this paper I go away express my opinion on the thought that some marketers say that targeting any group of consumers who ar willing and able to purchase a product is simply technical marketing. I will discuss why I believe that this is a good marketing technique. I will also discuss whether or not I infer it is important for college students to study the topic of consumer morality.Good Marketing?I believe that it is a smart marketing technique to target any group of consumers who are willing and able to purchase a product even if it is fatty foods and soft drinks being marketed towards children. The reason that I believe this is because it is the marketers craft for a company to get consumers to purchase the product that they are advertising. Although it whitethorn be morally wrong to target children for products like tooshiedy, they are most in all likelihood the group who will either be purchasing this product or influencing their parents to pur chase it. This is why I believe it is a smart strategy for marketers, although it may be slightly questionable.Consumer EthicsI believe that it is important for college students to study consumer ethics. The reason that I believe this is because in order for us to fully get as adults I think that we need to learn how to be completely ethical in all aspects of life, including being a consumer. Consumer ethics can get wind us about software piracy, which I believe is a huge problem with many college students who illegally download music and films. I believe that this can help us in our lives so it is important for college students to learn about consumer ethics. This is why I think college students should study consumer ethics.ConclusionIn this paper I discussed my feelings on two different topics. The first topic was about questionable marketing tactics, which I believe can be effective and is a good way to market. The second topic I expressed my views on was consumer ethics, and w hether or not college students should study it. The main reason that I said college students should study consumer ethics is because of music piracy and how popular it is among college students. These are my feelings on these two important subjects.BibliographySchiffman, Leon G., Leslie Lazar Kanuk, and Joseph Wisenblit. Consumer Behavior. UpperSaddle River Prentice-Hall, 2010.

Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Goods: Impacts and Policies

Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Goods Impacts and PoliciesTitle Illicit trafficking in ethnical goods with e modified(a) emphasis on Mauritius.INTRODUCTIONThe international market place for heathenish goods is a billion rupees market. Every day in the world thief or looters be smuggle out pagan goods from their countries of origins and sold them to foreign countries.My aim in this project is to improve our understanding of trafficking in ethnic objects in order to make hatful aw are that il level-headed trading of heathenish goods is an offense as ethnic objects function as a repository of memory and which enable each socialization around the world to speak active themselves and intimately their origins. Furthermore cultural goods are the only evidences left for us to promote and to safeguard ones culture and origins. Cultural goods are the key artefacts and are role of universal story of humanity so once those cultural objects are crossing boundaries of countries to be s old illegally to foreign countries, at the same time our cultural identity is fading. And once those cultural goods are stolen, looted or destroyed, they will be lost forever, thus we must stop extracurricular trafficking in cultural objects.LITERATURE REVIEWDefinitionWhat is cultural good?We a lot see the basis cultural dimension, inheritance, goods and objects interchanged. Each aver has its own definition of cultural goods, heritage or property. And thats wherefore the two bountiful international radiation patterns addressing illicit trafficking in cultural objects, the 1970 UNESCO meeting on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Export, Import and permute of Ownership of Cultural office and the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects was created for the purpose of helping each state to get a more appropriate legal definition of the enclosure cultural goods so as for them to be able to prevent trafficking in cultural obje cts and withal to prevent the provenance of an cultural good.Under article 1 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Export, Import and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property and under article 2 of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention, both multitude define the term cultural property, as property which, on religious or secular grounds, is specifically designated by each State as existenceness of grandeur for archaeology, pre memorial, history, literature, art or science1. And both conventions have set up a categories of cultural objects so as for each states to get a unfastened understanding of what cultural goods really consist of and as fountainhead this will help states to classify and draw a be given of heritage which their countries possessed with the indication to the listed categories of cultural objects which both Convention have catered for.2Types of cultural heritage1) Tangible heritage2) Intangible heritagetangible heritage is one that can be stored and physically touched. This includes items produced by the cultural group such as traditional clothing, utensils (such as beadwork, water vessels), or vehicles (such as the ox wagon). Tangible heritages include enormous monuments such as temples, pyramids, and public monuments An intangible heritage is what exists intellectually in the culture. It is not a physical or tangible item. Intangible heritage includes songs, myths, beliefs, superstitions, spoken poetry, as well as various forms of traditional knowledge such as ethno botanical knowledge. For pattern for the Southern Kalahari San, each tree and m each former(a) physical sites are part of their intangible heritage as their history is accessoryd with these sites through stories, progress tos and songs.3WHAT IS ILLICIT TRAFFICKING IN CULTURAL GOODS?The illicit trafficking of cultural goods is a very complex problem. Illicit trafficking can be classified under various forms and it is a lucrative business. Factors like geography, political environment and socio economic, are nightimes responsible for the rise of illegal trafficking of those cultural goods.4 Illicit trafficking in cultural objects is when an individual or a group of sight is generating a profitable electron tube market at the expenses of stolen artefacts or objects, of illegal excavation of archaeological and paleontological sites and of illegal outcome and export of cultural property.Trafficking in cultural objects allows sads to seize an opportunity to deal with high measuring of items that are very often lack protection. Thus, since these merchandise are poorly protected, the thieves or looters can do illegal import and export from countries to countries. In the paper, Perspective on the organisation and control of the illicit traffic in antiquities in South East Asia written by Christine Alder, associate researcher in criminology University of Melbourne, Duncan Chappell, Professorial Fellow, Cen ter for Transnational Crime Prevention,University of Wollongong,Australia and by Kenneth Polk,Professor of Criminology,University of Melbourne, Australia during the International Conference on Organised execration in art and antiquities Cour mayeur Mont Blanc, Italy12-14 declination 2008 , the authors noted that since illicit tracfficking is a lucrative business, thus that typecast of market can become very dangerous as it dealt with a huge amount of laundered money. And when money is made while selling cultural goods, those making that money are often connected to police or military authorities, and take an inauspicious and gloomy view of interference in their lucrative business.5 The fact that illicit trafficking often deals with political development and economic crisis this further worsens the fight of illegal trafficking of cultural goods.More everywhere when a country possesses a rich culture, it is more vulnerable to cultural pillage. For example countries like Cambodia, Italy, Africa, Oceania, Eastern Europe, Greece and Turkey are very addicted to go againsting of cultural materials. Countries like Cambodia with a rich culture but with a poor economy are more likely to be victims of illicit trafficking of cultural goods. As Etienne Clement, UNESCO,Director says Cambodias culture is very rich, but the country itself is very poor. Its an ideal situation for illegal trafficking (BBC online, 2004)6. In Cambodia since there economic situation are poor, the looters are usually local people hoping to earn a few dollars. In Cambodia has faced massacre of its cultural goods and the problem is quieten going on even if the UNESCO has intervene in Cambodia. Hundreds of statues are without heads and walls are often marked with Graffiti. Hundreds and snows of sites are being dug up every day, utter Dougald OReilly, the director of hereditary pattern catch, an independent group aiming to safeguard Cambodias cultural heritage. In Cambodia heritage sites are often difficult to get access and thats why it is difficult for the authorities to police the sites. And as Dougald OReilly give tongue to to the BBC online, sometime UNESCO tend to focus on particularly size only then nonrecreational less attention to opposite important sites which dated from Bronze and Iron Ages(BBC online)7. And something which is more sad and alarming is when we witness how people piddling by little are selling their cultural identity and destroying their origins dear for the sake of a few coins. This demonstrate that those thief or looter who are selling those cultural treasure lack notions on the history of their countries and on other hands they are forced to indulged themselves to this illegal act because they are also living in a poor conditions. Mr OReilly put further to the BBC online that in Cambodia, In some parts of the country, you can buy 10 kilograms of antiquated iron from these cemeteries for proficient 25 cents, its very openly sold in lo cal markets.8Moreover cultural objects can easily be sold as shop proprietor or dealers to promote their goods they even present evidences of plunder as a means of guaranteeing the authenticity of their merchandise.9 Another problem why cultural goods are being able cross boundaries and reach foreign countries is because there is a lack of documentation regarding the provenance of cultural goods. And also, officials working in the field of exporting and importation have no or minimum knowledge of archaeology or lack notion of cultural studies therefore it is difficult for them to capture turns and identify cultural goods. All these factors, contribute further for heritage plundering. And today, the illicit traffic in cultural property carrys internationally and is estimated to be worth $4.5 million dollars a year.10Furthermore according to Dr. George Abungu, an archaeologist and the founding Director at Okello Abungu Heritage Consultant, he say that colonialism and the spread of Christianity are also responsible for the huge plunder of African heritage. African heritage was destroyed with the new religion such as for example, the evangelisation of the African continent and the Black mans heart, and other were collected and transported in the name of His or Her majestys judicature.11 Invasion by the British, German and the French are also responsible for heritage destruction. For example the British expedition in Benin City, Nigeria and those of the Asante Kingdom at Kumasi in Ghana. And such expedition were abbreviaten in Asia, South America, and in Africa and as well as in North America. And cultural goods were looted and those responsible for this illegal act were considered as uprightnessful collecting rather than plunder.12The fact that cultural goods has the ability to communicate, each presently or by association, an aspect of reality which transcends time or space gives it special significance and is therefore something to be sought later on a nd protected.Legal instruments to fight illicit trafficking in cultural goodsEvery day around the world, massive pillage of cultural heritage is taking place. Cultural heritage since it is irreplaceable by nature therefore it should be protected at any cost. The illegal trafficking of cultural goods affects humanity greatly. This type of trafficking affects museums, private and public collections, legitimate owner or possessors, worship edifices, cultural institution and as well as archaeological sites if we do not take satisfys immediately. As we all know if cultural goods are destroyed completely, nothing will be left for our future generations. And today since many people deficiency a rich and better future for their children and family and for their countries as well so as not to kill the rich culture of ones family or country, many states have decided to work together to create severe laws so as to punish those responsible for the destruction of our only cultural objects le ft by our people and by nature.The magnitude of this type of trafficking is becoming very alarming and developed countries are not excluded from illicit trafficking like developing countries. For example countries like France, Poland, Russia, Germany and Italy are known to be the well-nigh targeted countries for heritage traffickers. For example in 40 years, the Italian Carabinieri ( The National Military Police of Italy) has recovered 800 thousands stolen or illegally excavated artefacts13. Furthermore, the destruction of our world cultural heritage should not be held responsible mainly by theft or looters, as factors like climate change, globalisation, wartime, pollution and uncontrolled tourists are also factors change to the destruction of cultural objects. Iraq, Afghanistan and Syria are facing massive heritage plundering. For example in Afghanistan, according to the Afghan Ministry of Culture, 35 artefacts and approximately 7000 books, housed in the department building were destroyed in the 4th September attack. Over a hundred cultural artefacts were rescued as well as 5000 books.14 And the Director and the Representative of the UNESCO in Afghanistan, Mr Paolo Fontani has put forward in a statement at the UNESCO office in Kabul and has expressed his deepest dread on the protection of the cultural artefacts that, Our number one thoughts go to the victims of this ruthless act, and to their families, adding that the irreversible loss of these unique artefacts should be equally condemned, since such artefacts underpin the cultural identity of the local communities and provide the foundation over which the fabric of society should be rebuilt.15For the purpose to protect the culture of the humanity and in order to preserve and conserve our cultural goods, a set of legal instrument has been created. The three main legal instrument to cater for our cultural heritage are the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Export, Import and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property of 1970, the UNIDROIT 1995 Convention and the 1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. The Hague convention was adopted in 14 of May 1954 during the Second World War so as to combat massive destruction of cultural heritage. And the Hague convention was the first international convention aimed to protect cultural goods during armed-conflicts. The Hague convention deals with both movable and immovable cultural heritage including architecture, art or history, archaeological sites, work of art , manuscripts , books and other objects of elegant, diachronic and of archaeological interest and as well as scientific collections of all kinds regardless of their origins and ownership. The article 4(3) of the Hague convention as follows The high contracting parties further undertake to prohibit, prevent, and if necessary, put a stop to any form of theft, pillage or misappropriation of, any acts of vandalism directed against, cultural property. They shall refrain from requisitioning movable cultural property situated in the territory of another high contracting party clearly said that each country should respect their cultural property and the cultural property of other foreign states.Concerned about the new phenomenon of trafficking in cultural property in times of peace, the international community, through the unite Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)adopted in 1970 the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting andPreventing the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, which currently has 116 States Parties, including Mauritius. The 1970 UNESCO convention has set up 3 measures as follows efforts in drawing up inventories, in certification and in education in order to fight illicit trafficking in cultural goods. The convention recommends each party who has ratified the UNESCO 1970 convention to prohibit the exportat ion of cultural property from its territory unless these cultural properties are accompanied by an export certificate. And the 1970 Convention also states that each nation should define their national treasure in a list and then these will be protected when stolen. The convention also provides mechanism for states to recover stolen property, but the nominated cultural property must be of national importance. The convention also consider that the protection of cultural heritage can be effective only if organized both nationally and internationally among States working in close co- physical process and that that, as cultural institutions, museums, libraries and memoir should ensure that their collections are built up in accordance with universally recognized moral principles.Furthermore, since we lack a list of cultural goods and serve at the international level, the UNESCO has established a list to define cultural goods and services namely the UNESCO Framework for cultural statisti cs (FCS). This list classified each cultural goods and services in their respective categories. merely this FSC was created in the 1980s and has not been revised since then, nevertheless the FSC notwithstanding serves us to get the proper definition of cultural goods and services.16 The UNESCO also raises questions on previous cases which the 1970 convention does not covered which is a very good initiative taken so as to protect our heritage at the maximum. And moreover, in 1978 the UNESCO during inter presidencyal committee, for promoting the return of cultural property for its country of origin or its restitution in case of illegal appropriation the ICPRCP17 was established as a permanent intergovernmental advisory body by the UNESCO. Set up in 1978 by the resolution 20 C4/7.6/5 at the 20th Session of the UNESCO global Conference of UNESCO, the return and restitution committee comprises 22 Member States, which meet every two years and can also organize meetings. The main inten t of this committee, is, to search for new solutions and means of facilitating bilateral negotiations, promoting multilateral and bilateral cooperation purposely to the restitution or return of cultural property as well as encouraging a public information campaign on the issue, and promoting exchanges of cultural property.Moreover, the 1970 Conventions intimately important attribute are a preparedness for export certification. The cooperative measures are often enshrined in international agreements, that were noted earlier and also a mandate that parties restitute properties within their jurisdiction stolen from museums, monuments and so on. The UNESCO regime to protect cultural heritage also include non-binding declarations and recommendation to amplify the treaty framework. For example the 2003 declaration concerning the International Destruction of cultural Heritage largely responded to the demolition of two colossal Buddhist statues in Bamiyan, Afghanistan by the Taliban gover nment of that country. This declaration addresses the problem of intentional destruction, whether in peace time and wartime. mnbb1 obligate 1, 1970 UNESCO CONVENTIONhttp//www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/illicit-trafficking-of-cultural-property/1970-convention/text-of-the-convention2 article 1 of the 1970 UNESCO convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Export, Import and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property and also see the Annex of the 1995 UNIDROIT convention.Article 1 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention and the Annex to the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention read as follows (a) Rare collections and specimens of fauna, flora, minerals and anatomy, and objects of palaeontological interest(b) property relating to history, including the history of science and technology and military and social history,to the life of national leaders, thinkers, scientists and artist and to events of national importance(c) products of archaeological excavations (including regular an d clandestine) or of archaeological discoveries(d) elements of artistic or historical monuments or archaeological sites which have been dismembered(e) antiquities more than one hundred years old, such as inscriptions, coins and engraved seals(f) objects of ethnological interest(g) property of artistic interest, such as(i) pictures, paintings and drawings produced entirely by hand on any support and in any material(excluding industrial designs and manufactured articles decorated by hand)(ii)original works of statuary art and sculpture in any material(iii)original engravings, prints and lithographs(iv) original artistic assemblages and montages in any material(h) rare manuscripts and incunabula, old books, documents and publications of special interest(historical, artistic, scientific, literary, etc.) singly or in collections(i) postage, revenue and similar stamps, singly or in collections(j) archives, including sound, photographic and cinematographic archives(k) articles of furniture more than one hundred years old and old musical instruments.3www.sanculture.org4 Illicit trafficking in cultural goods is, as other types of illicit traffics, a complex, vast and multifaceted issue.http//icom.museum/programmes/fighting-illicit-traffic/.5 Organised crime in art and antiquities, Courmayeur Mont Blanc, Italy12-14 December 2008,p 93 edited by Stefano Manacorda,2009.6 Race to save cambodias heritage, Kate Mcgeown, BBC online,2004.http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3784135.stm7 Race to save cambodias heritage, Kate Mcgeown, BBC online,2004.http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3784135.stm8Kate McGeown, Race to Save Cambodias Heritage, BBC News. 9 June 2004http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3784135.stm9 Organised crime in art and antiquities, Courmayeur Mont Blanc, Italy12-14 December 2008,p 98 edited by Stefano Manacorda,200910 UTIMUT, word on repatriation in the 21st century, Copenhagen 2008,p36, by Mille Gabriel and Jens Dahl.11 UTIMUT,UNIVERSAL MUSEUMSNEW CO NTESTATIONS, NEW CONTROVERSIES, by George Abungu,p3412 UTIMUT,UNIVERSAL MUSEUMSNEW CONTESTATIONS, NEW CONTROVERSIES, by George Abungu,p3513www.unesco.org, 40 Years of trash the Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Goods Culture and development UNESCO Multimedia Archives14 UNESCO office in Kabul, Statement by the Director UNESCO Kabul Office concerning the destruction of ancient artefacts in Ghazni, Afghanistan, www.unesco.org.15 UNESCO office in Kabul, Statement by the Director UNESCO Kabul Office concerning the destruction of ancient artefacts in Ghazni, Afghanistan, www.unesco.org .16 A note on the list of cultural goods and services,2004, http//www.unesco.org/culture/culturaldiversity/docs_pre_2007/clt_cpd_note_list_goods_services_en_092004.pdf17 http//www.unesco.org/culture/laws/returncommitteeExtra juridic Killing Myth or domain?Extra judicial Killing Myth or Reality?How interesting it is that in Bangladesh the elite force named as Rapid Action Battalion RAB kills the arrested p ersons by the name of cross-fire and name them the criminals. Extra-judicial, thus the term is used to state the putting to deaths. It is called extra judicial because of its type, which works as a process outside the judiciary placement of Bangladesh.Farid Ahmed in a non periodical web journal (2010), much(prenominal) killings are often described in police reports as involving crime suspects who resisted arrests or attacked the police. Many of the victims, human rights groups charge, were killed while in police custody. But in their official statements, police said they were killed in the crossfire during violent incidents in prison facilities. The police were compelled to open fire at those attacking them, they said.1According to the gentle Rights Watch (2006)One of the first publicized RAB killings was of the wanted criminal suspect Pichchi Hannan in Dhaka on August 6, 2004. This is when the era of extra judicial killing has started and still going on. Not only the RAB but als o some other armed forces are involved in this kind of activity.2Whether illegal killing is a myth or is it a reality is the main motive for me to conduct this research.A lot of people are being killed by the armed force, often named as elite force, but is it truly extra judicial killing or is the crossfire the reality, which one is true? We see a lot of incidents addressing the extra-judicial killings everyday when flavour at the newspaper. Theres hardly any day with no crossfire news, and thus I think people should be clear about the extra judicial killing matter and to reveal the original fact as I conduct the research. My research will give a clear cut idea about the extra judicial killing and the scenario of our countrys perspective.However, it is often said by the authority and also by the political leaders that these so called extra-judicial killings are only the unsuccessful deaths of the surmise criminals in the cross-fire.According to the Bangladesh Media article No ex trajudicial executions carried out RAB DG (2010)The director-general of the RAB, Hasan Mahmud Khandakar, addressing the media at the sixth anniversary of the elite law enforcement body in its headquarters on Sunday, told newsmen, A total of 622 suspected criminals were killed in by the RAB in crossfire across the country in the last six years, including 14 suspected criminals who were killed in the last three months. The RAB chief, however, claimed that no extra-judicial killing was carried out by the battalions personnel in the last six years.3The issue of extra-judicial killing is one of the large-mouthed concerns for a country like Bangladesh where the chance of misuse of the theme, under the name of crossfire is highly possible for a 3rd world country like us. The concern of different human right organizations have argued about the extrajudicial killings and raised a lot of questions. My report will reveal whether the extra-judicial killing under the name of crossfire is true o r just a myth.The History of Extra Judicial KillingAs its name suggest, it is done outside the framework of the judiciary system of Bangladesh, which is the killings of a suspected criminal under the custody of the armed force, often using the term self protection or accusing the suspected criminal to escape which is a violation of the rule of law.From the very beginning of Bangladeshs birth in 1971, different political parties used their political power to impetus the killings by the armed forces and used these forces in in violation of the law to consolidate power and maintain control. The continuous process started during the time period of BNP led govt. after forming coalition with three smaller parties Jamaat-e-Islami (which won 4.3 percent), Jatiya Party-Naziur (1.1 percent), and Islamic Okye Jote (0.7 percent) in 0ctober, 2001. After taking power, to fulfill the one election agenda to fight against crime, and to tackle critical review from people, the govt. then deployed fou rty thousand military personal to fight crime under the name of Operation Clean Heart. Thousands of people were arrested and at least 50 people were reported to be dead under their custody. Due to the failure of the operation, the government then decided to form an elite force group with a special unit of police with commando training called the Rapid Action Team, or RAT, which is now known as Rapid Action Battalion or RAB.As stated by the law, The main tasks of the RAB, according to the law, are toProvide internal securityConduct intelligence into criminal activityRecover illegal weapons systemArrest criminals and members of armed gangsAssist other law enforcement agenciesInvestigate any offense as ordered by the government.4According to the Asian Human Rights outfitThe army killed 58 people in custody. See Asian Legal Resource Center and Asian Human Rights Commission, Lawless Law-enforcement the Parody of Judiciary in Bangladesh, August 2006.According to the Bangladesh NGO Foru m for Secular Bangladesh, the army killed 53 people in custody and physically abused 7,000. See Forum for Secular Bangladesh, invasion of Human Rights by the Coalition Government of Bangladesh, September 2006.5However, the Operation Clean Heart did not succeed in bringing crime under fit control, and vigilantism against so-called criminals continued. Hence the special police force proved unsuccessful in combating crime due to the lack of trained professionals, disorganization, and corruption in the force. Structuring from the make out from Operation Clean Heart, the government took steps to give the military a law enforcement role. Then, later on the RAB was created with the motto to fight criminals and reduce crime.According to a human rights attorneyCritics complained that, rather than building a new crime-fighting force, the government should undertake efforts to reform law enforcement and the courts. Creating RAB, they feared, would undermine the police. With Operation Clean Heart in mind, some worried about using the military for civilian policing. They saw RAB as a way for the government to deploy the army for policing tasks, with one lawyer even calling it martial law in disguise.Other FactsVarious human right watchdogs claimed that 1,142 victims have so far been slain in extrajudicial killings since 24 June, 2004 when the RAB began its journey by killing people in crossfire. Among the 1,142 victims, 149 were killed in 2004, 340 in 2005, 290 in 2006, 130 in 2007, 136 in 2008 and 97 in 2009. During the immediate-past tweak regime which continued for about two years, 322 people were killed in an extrajudicial manner.On the other hand, DG of RAB claimed that no extra-judicial killing is carried out but some criminals were caught in crossfire during the battle. He also claimed that 6,931 firearms have been seized by the RAB in the last six years 580 in 2004, 909 in 2005, 889 in 2006, 1,416 in 2007, 1,374 in 2008, 1,338 in 2009 and 425 in the last thre e months.The RAB arrested a total of 64,664 suspected criminals, after conducting drives throughout the country, on charges of various crimes including murder, kidnapping, extortion, tender manipulation, militancy and possession of illegal firearms. Of them 2569 in 2004, 4929 in 2005, 7277 in 2006, 13569 in 2007, 13378 in 2008, 16730 in 2009 and 4012 in last three months of 2010.6The attitude of people in law enforcement agencies has not changed, at least on the issue of extra judicial killings despite the judiciary ordering them to stop killing people under the guise of crossfire, encounter, and gunfight. Although much of such action has stopped, it is not a sustainable solution. But the decision has been hailed an eye-opener by many including human rights organizations.The High Court issued the suo motto order over extra judicial killings on November 17. It gave the government two weeks, initially, to explain why the killing of two brothers, Lutfor and Khairul Khalasi by law enfor cement agencies in Madaripur on Nov.16 should not be declared extrajudicial. The government has yet to reply and the Attorney General has sought more time, presumably until the court resumes on January 3, 2010.During the year although there were some positive activities by the government, most sectors in the country were devoid of any human rights, the rule of law and good governance. Religious minorities were oppressed and press freedoms were violated almost every other day.7Only a few human rights organizations have long been asking the government to stop the killings, terming them extrajudicial. Moreover, the High Court of Bangladesh, on June 29, 2009, High Court of Bangladesh asked the government to explain why killing people without a trial, in the form of extrajudicial killings, is not being declared as illegal, and why measures are not being taken against the perpetrators. After this ruling, we still havent seen anything happen. However in recent times, after the Awami League came to power, many thought the Awami govt. will abolish the RAB. But, in inch 2006, Seikh Hasina said, But we will not do so. Rather Rab will be given a special assignment to capture corrupt people.8Extrajudicial killings continue even in violation of the High Courts ruling. How can they continue? Its very alarming for human rights, democracy and the right to life. And why is the High Court static regarding this gross human rights violation?Both governmental and nongovernmental sources have said that the death toll has reached 133 from such extrajudicial killings labeled as crossfire killings, encounter killings or gunfight killings by the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) and the police since Jan. 6, when the Awami League-led government assumed office. In Bangladesh, we have a so-called democracy, but there is no rule of law if we consider extra judicial killing. Every day sees more killings of citizens by the state machinery, killings which are both well-planned and covered up.How ever, RAB never said that its extrajudicial killing. In contrast, Rab Director General (DG) Hassan Mahmood Khandker recently stated that, A total of 633 persons were killed in encounters with its members while 750 RAB men were punished for their unlawful acts. Among the 750 punished RAB members, 350 were despoiled while the rest 400 suffered imprisonment in different tenures. Also RAB intelligence personnel are only on duty to tackle the criminal activities.9However, on contrary, extrajudicial killing have been going on very rapidly of violating the highest court ruling order, the Constitution and the Universal Declaration by law enforcers. The term extrajudicial killing means execution without justice. This is a grave human rights violation. Its both a violation of Bangladeshs constitution and of the UNs Universal Declaration of Human Rights.10But these types of killings still occur frequently in Bangladesh.The government of Bangladesh has been violating the constitution and the Un iversal Declaration of Human Rights day after day since 2002 (including operation wakeful heart). In 2004, the BNP-Jamaat government made a decision about extrajudicial killings and formed the RAB. From March 26, 2004 until January 31, 2009, around 1,600 people (including 58 58 killed peoples in operation clean heart of 2002) have been killed without justice.The government of Bangladesh has sided with the extrajudicial killings. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has also said, in an indirect way, that extrajudicial killings will continue. She spoke clearly, upholding crossfire killings. What was said by our popular Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina in New York is very unfortunate for the rule of law, democracy, the constitution, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as the people of Bangladesh.According to the Bdnews24.com, Sheikh Hasina talked with journalists in New York on Sept. 27, 2009. Referring to crossfire killings at the time, she said, I do not believe in extrajudi cial killings. But if anyone launches an armed attack (against a law enforcer), then they shouldnt be allowed to kill them like sitting ducks.11Bangladeshs elite Rapid Action Battalion continues to engage in extrajudicial killings despite Supreme Court directives to halt it. Although the court is handling the issue of extrajudicial killings, RAB does not seem to be bothered either about the judiciary or the countrys laws.The assertions of responsible people in the present government are shocking. Home minister Sahara Khatun recently said that, there was no crossfire. It seems, either directly or indirectly, the home minister and other ministers are defending the perpetrators of such crossfire killings. Finally we can say that, in Bangladesh has no rule of law. We want to say that the reports of so-called crossfire killings, encounter killings or gunfight killings that are made by the RAB and the police are totally false. We believe that terrorism should never be combated or controll ed through state killings. It is the establishment of the rule of law that is essential to control terrorism.ConclusionFinally we can say that, numerous killings are being carried out extra-judicially the perpetrators remain above the law and the victims have no recourse to protection or redress under the law. This represents a violation of Article 31 of the Constitution, which readsTo enjoy the protection of the law, and to be treated in accordance with law, and only in accordance with law, is the inalienable right of every citizen, wherever he may be, and of every other person for the time being within Bangladesh, and in particular no action detrimental to the life, liberty, body, reputation or property of any person shall be taken except in accordance with law.12However, beyond impunity, those responsible for such killings are being rewarded for their actions. Torture and the threat of extra-judicial killing are used by the police and the RAB to extract money from persons that th ey arrest. Furthermore, the RAB was even awarded the prized Independence Award to the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) on March 23, 2006, as part of Bangladeshs 35th Independence Day celebrations, for its activities.Therefore, it is revealed that this kind of activities by the RAB is clearly a false ideology to name the extrajudicial killing under the name of crossfire, is just only to eye wash the general public, and some day it may have negative effect on the society and country as a whole. So the govt. and the people of Bangladesh should raise its voice against it and it should be stopped soon.

Effect of Consumption on Identity in Britain

Effect of Consumption on Identity in BritainWe be what we consume. To what extent does aspiration contri moreovere to the construction of indistinguishability in contemporaneous British society?In order to understand the extent to which usance contributes to the construction of identity in contemporary British society, and thus be in a position to comment on whether or not we are what we consume is a binding statement or simply hyperbole, it is important to first understand the sociological concepts behind the question be asked.Consumption in sociological terms does not simply mean the buying and consuming of goods and services. In particular, sociologists are interested in intake as a means of conveying meaning. Conspicuous purpose is a term that was origin bothy coined by Thorstein Veblen and it refers to the ways in which lot convey the extent of their riches to others in a society in which the traditionalistic means of conveying meaning have largely disappeared. Veblen argued that in society, a somebodys standing was directly related to their wealth. The manner in which this wealth had been accumulated was also important, with old wealth being more highly esteemed then new wealth. The wealthy individual had two ways in which to proclaim their social standing transparent leisure and/or conspicuous purpose.1It is important to understand the historical background that has led to the current consumption patterns in contemporary Britain. The industrial revolution was a time of mountainive social upheavals. Historical bonds of servitude and deference were shattered and millions of people streamed into the UKs cities. A consequence of this mass upheaval was that wealth creation was no longer tied to the land. Suddenly a person who owned a factory could potenti anyy have the uniform amount of wealth as some champion who considered themselves to be part of the speeding classes and whose wealth came with status. Wealth, by itself, was no longer a suff icient means of separating the upper classes from the pretenders. This was especially so in the large towns that had been created in which people were constantly interacting with strangers who were unaware of a persons social status. As such, conspicuous consumption came to be an increasingly important means of diametricaliating oneself from others.2The aspirational dreams unleashed during the industrial revolution meant that, in general terms, people belonging to a lower class could now potentially overcome the wealth divide simply through with(predicate) hard work. Overcoming the class divide was a unforesightful more difficult and it was achieved by essentially write the consumption habits of that class to which a person aspired. Whether consumption drove the industrial revolution or whether the industrial revolution drove consumption may never be answered. The one thing that is certain is that each fuelled the other. The more people consumed the greater the flames of industr y. The more exotic and fashionable the items produced, the greater the frenzy of consumption.However, what is clear is that traditional attitudes to work and consumption had to be overcome. Weber gives a interesting example that illustrates this pointa man who at the rate of 1 mark per acre mowed 2.5 farming per day and earned 2.5 marks when the rate was raised to 1.25 marks per acre mowed, not 3 acres, as he might easily have done, thus earning 3.75 marks, but only 2 acres, so that he could still earn the 2.5 marks to which he was accustomed. The opportunity of earning more was less attractive to than that or working less. He did not ask how much brush off I earn in a day if I work as much as mathematical? But how much must I work in order to earn the wage, 2.5 marks, which I earned before and which takes care of my traditional needs?3In the above example Weber waitms to be lampooning this simple person who fails to understand that by working longer hours they can earn more mo ney. In contemporary British society, it al almost seems as though leisure time cannot be enjoyed without having first purchased the means of enjoying that time. Thus wide screen televisions, games consoles, international holidays, books, dvds, etc are all things without which people are made to believe they could not enjoy their leisure time. This should be contrasted to the person in Webers example who believed that simply being away from work was enough of a reward in itself. adept suggested definition of a consumer culture, put forward in order to encompass conspicuous consumption in Third World countries, but also useful as a general starting point, is one, in which the majority of consumers avidly need (and some noticeable portion pursue, acquire, and display) goods and services that are valued for non-utilitarian reasons, such as status seeking, envy provocation, and novelty seeking.4 As such, any society in which consumption involves more than simply subsistence living (ie living to survive) will involve to some extent a degree of conspicuous consumption.Likewise, the concept of identity in contemporary sociological terms has developed beyond simply looking at a persons occupation and class.5 This move away from economic consumption constituting the main source of a persons identity splintered sociological thought. Whereas previously a persons identity fell into several somewhat clear sociological categories and sociological theorists could hypothesis on the macro topics of relations between these groups, the shattering of the nexus between work and identity meant that sociologists now had to eddy their attention to areas which had to that point been somewhat overlooked.The study of consumption by sociologists has relatively recent origins. mend Marx and Veblen touched on consumption, their focus remained on class and occupational identities. That said, their early work in this area should not be discounted. Marx argued that by separating workers from ownership of the goods they produced and the means of that production, they were essentially being estranged from their labour.6 As we will see below, this estrangement can lead to disillusionment in employees. However, it should be noted that consumption, being aspirational, actually thrives on feelings of disillusionment. As Webers example above illustrates, it is difficult to sell a person who is content an illusion.In their pioneering text on consumption, The World of Goods, Douglas and Isherwood noted with incredulity that, it is extraordinary to discover that no one knows why people fate goods.7 They went on to put forward the argument that consumers use goods to construct an intelligible universe and to make and maintain social relationships.8One could perhaps argue that in contemporary British society identity and consumption have endure one and the same. As the wealth of society as a whole has increased and family bonds have slowly eroded, people look to advertiseme nts, their peer group and celebrities to assist them in identifying themselves. However, by creating an identity which is outside of themselves and which relies on imported meanings, they run the risk of the identity they present to the world being itself an illusion. When such an illusion is shattered, it can have serious consequences for that person and those around them.Historically, British society has always been extremely class segregated. However, in modern British society, class wars have been to a large extent been replaced by battles of consumption. A in particular good example of this was the recent news that the Labour minister Ruth Kelly had made a decision to send her child to an expensive private school when a suitable state alternative existed. The arguments surrounding her decision clearly illustrate the extent to which choices astir(predicate) consumption can clash with a persons public identity. The fact that Mrs Kelly is a Labour minister and former Education Secretary means to some people that she should not make decisions just about her consumption of services which are contrary to party lines.A clear example of this count oning is set out in Simon Jenkins recent article in the Guardian.9 He argues thatTo remove a child from the state school system is rarely an educational choice, whatever euphemism is customarily applied. It is a social statement. Across class-bound Britain, the liquid ecstasy school, whether state or private, reinforces the great divide.10Other commentators from within the Labour party went on record to state11I think it goes against the principles of the Labour Party. I am saddened by this and it makes me wonder about the sort of people who achieve high office who are in New Labour (Birmingham Selly Oak MP Lynne Jones).I think we should expect Labour ministers to put their children through the state system. I deplore others transferring their children out of the system to go private (Austin Mitchell, MP for Great Grimsby).What underpins these statements is the underlying sentiment that a persons true identity is revealed by their consumption decisions. Furthermore, if one believes in a certain cause, not to support that cause through consumption decisions is akin to betray. While the Labour party may no longer be the workers party, it is still the party that most fervently advocates the role of public services and those less well off. The difficulty then for Labour ministers is that with their own increasing affluence, they are more likely to desire to make consumption decisions which are more akin to the upper middle classes as opposed to their traditional support base. This naturally causes friction and inevitably calls of delusion when the illusion is discovered.It should be noted that conspicuous consumption crosses divides of culture, race, age and religion. An interesting case in point is the Muslim Hijab which some women wear. These have now become hot fashion items for young Musl im women branded with for instance, Calvin Klein, Burberry, LOreal and Chanel logos. In this way, a Muslim woman can make the statment that while her religion is Muslim, her identity is Western.Likewise, Fulla biddys have replaced Barbie dolls in many Middle Eastern countries where the doll is a best seller.12 The fact that Fullas popularity is about identity is clear in Mr Abidins (the brand manager behind the doll) statementThis isnt just about putting the hijab on a Barbie doll. You have to create a character that parents and children will want to relate to. Our advertising is full of positive messages about Fullas character. Shes honest, loving, and caring, and she respects her father and mother.While one may question what relevance the sale of a doll in the Middle East might have in contemporary Britain, the point is that in a global, inter-dependant marketplace, the West no longer dictates the consumption schedule as it once did. And as new ideas and aspirations emerge, thes e then filter back into the consumption patterns of British society as people in Britain seek to buy the farm those aspirations through their consumption. The interesting irony is the way in which a consumer society has managed to incorporate all these conflicting and competing ideas, some which even argue against consumerism, into nice, consumable packages. This is perhaps what is at the heart of the statement we are what we consume that even if we identify ourselves as being anti-consumer, the only way to communicate that message to others is through consumption itself.Ritzer13 suggests four changes that have occurred within society as a result of the process of consumption. These changes are first, that people no longer have to go to different shops to obtain the goods they wish to purchase but can instead go to supermarkets or shopping centres which cater for all their needs under one roof. While this does on doubt create a more convenient shopping experience, it also creates a more sterile one as everything is controlled and there is little chance of anything out of the ordinary occurring.14Second, many of what he calls the cathederals of consumption such as Disney Land and Las Vegas, have become destinations in their own right. People are just as likely to go there to enjoy the sites for what they are/represent as they are to go there to consume the goods and services offered by them.15Third, customers are more likely to do more of the things employees previously did for them, for themselves for no pay. Clear examples of this are the checkouts at supermarkets, with many British supermarkets now having some typecast of self-checkout service, self-service petrol stations, and cash points.16Finally, the process of consumption has altered social fundamental interaction to such an extent that a consumer is more likely to interact with the sites as opposed to any other people.17In many cases, the people with whom a consumer is interacting during the consumpt ion process are so scripted in their role that interaction on a human level is close to impossible. To a certain extent, those employers are trying to break down the roles that their employees perform to such an extent that they can eventually be replaced by machines. In circumstances such as these, it is hardly surprising that many workers feel disillusioned and seek, in their leisure time, to pass from the monotony of their unfulfilled lives through consumption. In this case, perhaps consumption isnt conspicuous but rather innocuous.Ratneshwar18 looks under the illusion created by many of these cathedrals of consumption and in a scathing indictment argues that the underlying rationality and sheer manipulativeness of these places are more likely to remain hidden from consumers. However, people who work in these places quickly become disillusioned and come to see them as places largely devoid of meaningful content. 19The interesting thing about modern consumption is that a persons presence is never permanent. At the end of every day, everything is put back the way it was and when the shop/amusement park/cinema reopens the abutting day it is almost as if the previous day never happened. These places of consumption lack any historical or human dimension. They rely on people to give them meaning and yet, perhaps ironically, they themselves claim to be the givers of meaning. One could perhaps say that they sell back the meaning they have stolen from their customers (no doubt this would be Marxs view).That said, it would be difficult to argue that a middle class person living in Britain today is worse off, or would willing trade places, with a person living in the middle ages. Even though that person in the middle ages may have had a clear identity about themselves and their position in the world, that certainty constrains them in a way in which a modern person would not be willing to be cumber (although it is arguable that this is slowly changing and that peopl e are becoming more constrained). The fundamental feature in a society of consumption is that we are all complicit in the illusion taking place. As Ruth Kelly has shown, our consumption habits make hypocrites of us all.BIBLIOGRAPHYBourdieu, P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge University Press, CambridgeBelk, R. W. (1988), Third World Consumer Culture, in Goodwin, N. R., Ackerman, F. Kiron, D. (1997), The Consumer Society, Island Press, capital of the United States DC, pp.311-314Bocock, R. (2001), Consumption, Routledge, capital of the United KingdomCorrigan, P. (2006), The Sociology of Consumption An Introduction, Sage Publications, LondonThe Daily Mail, Ruth Kelly named as Labour minister sending a child to private school, 8th January 2007, taken from http//www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=427179in_page_id=1770Douglas, M. Isherwood, B. (2005), The World of Goods, Routledge, LondonGoodwin, N. R., Ackerman, F. Kiron, D. (1997) , The Consumer Society, Island Press, Washington DCJenkins, S., Introducing the minister of no faith in communities, in Guardian Unlimited, 10th January 2007, taken from http//www.guardian.co.uk/ newspaper columnists/Column/0,,1986631,00.htmlThe New York Times, Bestseller in Mideast Barbie With a Prayer Mat, 22nd phratry 2005, taken from http//www.nytimes.com/2005/09/22/international/middleeast/22doll.html?ex=1285041600en=72bb8cc089bf9435ei=5090Ransome, P. (2005), Work, Consumption and Culture Affluence and Social permute in the Twenty-first Century, Sage Publications, LondonRatneshwar, S. Mick, D. G. ed. (2005), Inside Consumption Perspectives on Consumer Motives, Goals and Desires, Routledge, New YorkRitzer, G. (2005), Enchanting a Disenchanted World Revolutionizing the Means of Consumption, Pine give voice PressSmart, B. Ritzer, G. ed. (2003), Handbook of Social Theory, Sage Publications Ltd, LondonStorey, J. (1999), Cultural Consumption and Everyday Life, Arnold Publishing, LondonVeblen, T. (1994), The Theory of the Leisure Class, Dover Publications, OntarioWoodward, K. (2003), Social Sciences The Big Issues, Routledge, London1Footnotes1 Corrigan, P. (2006), p.172 Corrigan, P. (2006), p.173 Weber, M. (1976), pp.59-60 in Corrigan, P. (2006), p.664 Belk, R. W. (1988), p.105 in Goodwin, N. R., Ackerman, F. Kiron, D. (1997), p.3125 Ransome, P. (2005), p.966 Bocock, R. (2001), p.377 Douglas, M. Isherwood, B. (2005), p.xxxi8 Douglas, M. Isherwood, B., in Corrigan, P. (2006), p.179 Jenkins, S. in Guardian Unlimited, 10th January 200710 Jenkins, S. in Guardian Unlimited, 10th January 200711 The Daily Mail, 8th January 200612 The New York Times, 22nd September 200513 Smart, B. Ritzer, G. ed (2003), p.42414 Smart, B. Ritzer, G. ed (2003), p.42415 Smart, B. Ritzer, G. ed (2003), p.42416 Smart, B. Ritzer, G. ed (2003), p.42417 Smart, B. Ritzer, G. ed (2003), p.42418 Ratneshwar, S. Mick, D. G. ed. (2005), p.30519 Ratneshwar, S. Mick, D. G. ed. (2005), p. 305

Housing Development Legal Issues

Housing appeargrowth Legal IssuesArchitectural BIM applied scienceTable of Contents (Jump to)Executive Summary1.0 Introduction2.0 St Johns College Respond trapping using3.0 Evaluation of Legal issues4.0 Conservation Protected structures5.0 Duty of Care6.0 ambit of Works7.0 Boundary Disputes8.0 broody LearningBibliographyTable of CasesDonoghue v Stevenson 1932 AC 562Hymany Pontoon Ltd -v- Galkil Ltd t/a Imp subroutine Developments IEHC 188Dempsey Anor -v- Waterford Corporation 2008 IEHC 55 (29 February 2008) Cite as 2008 IEHC 55List of Images human body 1 http//www.mythen crook.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/St-Johns-College-Waterford.jpgFig 2 http//waterfordireland.tripod.com/stjohnscollege.jpgFig 3 http//maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/V1,661050,611123,7,10Fig 4 http//maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/V1,661050,611123,7,14Fig 5 http//maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/V1,661050,611123,7,11Fig 6- http//waterfordcouncil.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Solutions/s2.html?appid=c6d45bb300e6463db7e9c6bd1df4344 1Fig 7 http//waterfordcouncil.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Solutions/s2.html?appid=c6d45bb300e6463db7e9c6bd1df43441Fig 8 http//waterfordcouncil.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Solutions/s2.html?appid=c6d45bb300e6463db7e9c6bd1df43441Executive SummaryThis account leave al maven sharpen on identifying expanding and exploring lawful issues which may be encountered regarding the housing development by Respond in adjournnership with De occasionment of Environment, Local Government and Communities. The shake off is to consist of 21 apartments in the upper take aim of the existing St Johns College building and 36 untested apartments in a newly build block which will be located on the college station at Richardsons Folly, Waterford. Mythen construction will be the contractile organs on send for the project which started in December 2013. The legal issues which will be focus of the project are Conservation Protected structures, Duty of Care, Scope of whole kit and boodle and Boundary divergences. E ach area will be adumbrate within the inventory and furthermore expanded on in vagabond to outline methods of resolving much(prenominal) issues. Legal literature regarding some(prenominal) construction and prevalent law will be used as will appropriate case law in clubhouse to widen the scope and provide a more general view of the issues.1.0 IntroductionThe main aim of this document is to identify, evaluate and expand on the main legal issues likely to arise in relation to the oppose housing association development at St Johns College, Richardsons Folly, and Waterford. The document will explore legal issues related to Architecture which may occur or be encountered by both an Architect and Architectural Technician on site during the term of the project mentioned preceding(prenominal). In evaluating these issues, past legal cases associated to the topics will be reviewed in order to provide a clearer view of the issues in question, to the relevant laws and how these issues furthert be resolved. Guidance will withal be provided in harm of how these issues can be dealt with and besides how they can be foreseen and eliminated at an early stage in the future as to avoid any disputes between all parties tangled in the project whether these disputes happen on or off site. Prior to the breakdown of the issues which may arise a short overview of St Johns College, the history of the college and a breakdown of the project undertaken by Respond will be outlined in order to provide a wider scope of the project as a whole.2.0 St Johns College Respond housing DevelopmentSt Johns College is a Catholic seminary which as mentioned, is located at Richardsons Folly in Waterford. The college which was founded in 1880 for the Waterford/Lismore diocese. The college was made up of two schools the first macrocosm a classical school run by Rev. Thomas Flynn and the second an Academy run by Dr. Geoffrey Keating. The College closed in closed in 1999 cod to lack of acti vity and vocations with the remaining students transferred. In 2007 it was announced that Respond Housing association in partnership with Department of Environment, Local Government and Communities had acquired sections of the site which is a protected structure of approximately 3900sq.m with a proposal of redeveloping the building into social housing. Mythen construction began works on site in December 2013. The development as it stands is to consist of the retrofit/redevelopment of the existing college building which is to include 21 apartments on the upper floors with a new building located on site which will house 36 new apartments (2400 sq.m approx.) the redevelopment will also include communal facilities. Below are images of the proposed and existing buildings with 3 OSI maps showing the site location and the proposed new site.Proposed development Fig 1 Existing building Fig2OSI Site plan Fig 3 Existing building- Fig 4 Proposed new site Fig 53.0 Evaluation of Legal issuesTh e following are the legal issues which will be identified, evaluated and expanded on. As mentioned these issues will be at sea down in order to identify how these issues can arise, how they can be dealt with and how they can be prevented in the future. Previous legal cases, Legal literature regarding construction and general legal resources will be used to further the reasoning behind such issues and how they may arise.Conservation Protected structuresDuty of CareScope of WorksTrespassBoundary Dispute4.0 Conservation Protected structuresThe first area to be explored is conservation and protected structures. As the main college building is a protected structure this without doubt will be an issue associated with a project. When a project is undertaken which involves conservation or that of a protected structure it is inseparable to have an architect who has some experience in conservation or dealing with protected structures. As stated in the Irish Planning and Development act 2 000 Each owner and each occupier shall, to the extent consistent with the rights and obligations arising out of their respective interests in a protected structure or a proposed protected structure, ensure that the structure, or any element of it which contributes to its special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest, is not endangered1. In keeping with the statement above it is important for a conservation survey to be carried out on the structure prior to commencement in order to ensure no part of the building is endangered.If with the project in question there is need to either for an addition or deletion an addition as stated by the Irish Planning and Development act 2000 in the case of an addition, the addition is necessary or desirable in order to protect a structure, or part of a structure, of special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest, whethe r or not a recommendation has been made under section 532 On the other top in terms of a deletion the 2000 act states in the case of a deletion, the protection of the structure or part is no longer warranted In order to avoid any disputes or breach of regulations it is essential to carry out work on a protected structure with a graduate(prenominal) degree of care. It is in everyones best interests to ensure that a protected structure is well maintained and preserved accordingly which in turn can eliminate any potential problems which may be encountered during the duration of construction stage.5.0 Duty of CareDuty of care can be defined as person or persons responsibility to act with the same level of care, attention and cautiousness as a person in a similar situation when carrying out an act, ensuring that there is no possibly of danger or endangerment. For example a designer should strive to achieve the same level of competency as a designer within the same discipline when carry ing out works ensuring that he has carried out the associated works with a reasonable list of care. For example if an Architect fails to comply with building regulations this can be seen as a breach of his/her barter of care given that they have failed to ensure the gumshoe of the building occupants once works have been finished failure to comply with such regulations may also lead to potential damage to the building.3 When it comes to any genial of building project there will always be a duty of care whether it be to the structure itself, to the client and the persons working on the site. two the contractor and Architect hold a duty of care in terms of the proposed development being fit for purpose and also that the construction has been carried out in a competent manor including the drawings which were prepared for the project.To give an example in terms of duty of care being breached by one political party if the contractor feels as though the Architect is incompetent and that his/her drawings are not too a standard in which can be used to successfully and safely carry out the associated works the contractor may feel that the Architect is in breach of their duty of care and vice versa if the contractor/ constructor is not constructing the building in a safe and sufficient manner then the architect may feel the builder is in breach of his/her duty of care. In terms of an example of duty of care outside of construction the case of case of Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 AC 562 is a fitting example as it came down to that it was the manufacturers duty of care to ensure the product was fit for human ingestion and when it subsequently was found to not be fit for human consumption it was proven that it was a breach of duty of care on the manufactures side. 4 To ensure there are no disputes regarding duty of care it is crucial that all parties involved from the design team to the construction team are competent enough with their responsibilities to sufficiently successfully and safely complete the project without breaching their duty of care and also that they understand they have a duty of care and that this must be adhered too.6.0 Scope of WorksAs per the RIAI Standard form of contract 2012 review by Tony Cunningham5 scope of works can be defined as The contractor must complete the works in accordance with the Contract Documents to the satisfaction of the Architect. The contractor must also comply with Architects Instructions6. Prior to works commencing on the Respond housing development at St Johns College all works to be completed would have been outlined within the contract such as the contractors roles and responsibilities on site as well as off site. Cunningham also goes onto mention within the review that if the contractor fails to deliver the specified works outlined then he/she may be held liable with the cost of such implications either being added to or reduced from the contract sum. The Architect also holds the power to appoin t a new contractor to site in order to complete the unfinished works left by the previous contractor whilst also charging incomplete work to the original contractor. Given the scale of the project at St Johns College this could potentially be a problem during the duration of the works. In the case of Hymany Pontoon Ltd -v- Galkil Ltd t/a Impact Developments 2011 IEHC 1887 although the contractor had failed to complete some of the work which was outlined within the contract the judge deemed that the contractor could not be held responsible given the fact the scope of works outlined in the contract was resistant and with very little specificity. Hymany Pontoon Ltd -v- Galkil Ltd t/a Impact Developments shows how in order for the contractor to fulfill the scope of works correctly it is essential that the scope of works is carefully outlined in depth in order to eliminate confusion which in turn could cause a dispute between the architect and contractors or vice versa.7.0 Boundary Disp utesWhen it comes to diputes involving boundarys there can be a number of factors or variables involved. In most cases involving boundary disputes it comes down to incorrect represent which defines the boundarys of a site in position which in reality it may not be the correct position8. In order to attempt to define where a boundary lies the deployment of a professional surveyor to give his/her opinion on where the boundary lies may be crucial at the early stage in terms of elimating future disputes regarding the asscoiated boundary. In terms of St Johns College respond development from the pictures below the site of the develoment is outlined in blue with a smaller site also outlined in Fig6. There could potenially be a dispute if it is taken that the new development enchroaches onto the smaller site as this could also fall under prtivate nuisance. If there is no visible boundary between the two sites at St Johns College this may also cause a potenial dispute. In order to reslove a boundary dispute it will take a combination of both surveyors and lawyers. The lawyers will provided the releavnt information regarding the deeds and documentation which the surveyor will use in their investiagtion into providing the legal position of the boundary. The legal age of boundary disputes can also be resolved using mediation as it can keep a civil relationship between both parties while preventing costly legal fees.9 10St Johns Boundary Fig 6 Proposed Site Boundary Fig 7 Secondary Site Fig 88.0 Reflective LearningOverall given the scale of the St Johns College project it is highly likely that one or more of these issues will arise on site during the duration of the project. Although the issues mentioned can be resolved it can also be a lot more difficult to anticipate them. In saying this there are, as mentioned, ways in which they can be dealt with early on to try and avoid any disputes and intern make for a easier more succesful project but this does not always h appen on bigger projects.The majority of the issues which are encountered on and off site on projects can be eliminated through peachy detailed planning and also ensuring all parties undertand the terms outlined in the various contracts asscoiated with the works. The legal issues exlpored within the document have provided a wider scope in person which is very benifical in terms of the future and future employment as I now have a greater understanding of what each one entails. I feel as though the project as whole was worthwhile and rewarding.I feel as though my ability to compile a document of this nature has improved as has my general knowledge of contracts law and construction law.BibliographyTextbooks Canny, J (2001).Construction and Building Law. Dublin Round Hall Ltd. p23-27..57-62Speight, A Stone, G. (1996). The incline Law of Tort. In Speight, A Stone, G Architects Legal Handbook. 6th ed. Great Britain Reed Educational Professional Publishing Ltd 1996.Scriven, J, Pritcha rd, N, Delmon, J (1999).A Contractual Guide to study Construction Projects. London Sweet Maxwell. Part 2 p8-21 Part 3 p17-32.Websites Base Surveys Ltd. (2010).Causes of Boundary Disputes.Available http//www.baselinesurveys.ie/Causes of Boundary Disputes.html. Last accessed eighteenth March 2015Cunningham, T. (2013).The RIAI Standard organize of Contract 2012 Edition a Review.Available http//arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005context=beschreoth. Last accessed 18th March 2015.Irish Planning Development Act 200. (2000).Planning Development Act 2000.Available http//www.irishstatutebook.ie/2000/en/act/pub/0030/sec0058.htmlsec58 LastAccessed 18th March 2015Irish Planning Development Act 200. (2000).Planning Development Act 2000.Available http//www.irishstatutebook.ie/2000/en/act/pub/0030/sec0054.htmlsec54. Last accessed 18th March 2015OReilly, N, Shine, P. (2013).Beyond the bounds resolving boundary disputes.Available http//www.surveyorsjournal.ie/index.php/beyond-bounds- resolving-boundary-disputes/. Last accessed 18th March 2015Journals Smith, H. (2011). Construction dispute avoidance newsletter. Available http//www.herbertsmithfreehills.com/-/media/HS/T21121146.pdf. Last accessed 5th March 201411 http//www.irishstatutebook.ie/2000/en/act/pub/0030/sec0058.htmlsec582 http//www.irishstatutebook.ie/2000/en/act/pub/0030/sec0054.htmlsec543 Construction dispute avoidance newsletterhttp//www.herbertsmithfreehills.com/-/media/HS/T21121146.pdf4 Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 AC 5625 Tony Cunningham Dublin Institute of Technology6 http//arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005context=beschreoth7 Hymany Pontoon Ltd -v- Galkil Ltd t/a Impact Developments IEHC 1888 http//www.baselinesurveys.ie/Causes of Boundary Disputes.html9 http//www.surveyorsjournal.ie/index.php/beyond-bounds-resolving-boundary-disputes/10 http//waterfordcouncil.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Solutions/s2.html?appid=c6d45bb300e6463db7e9c6bd1df43441

The Cross-Dresser and Transsexual Essay -- Some Like it Hot Gender Rol

The Cross-Dresser and Transsexual Attitudes towards cross-dressing, transvestitism and transsexuality have changed greatly since the conformity of the 1950s. Today, the drag queen RuPaul sells cosmetics and a female part with a penis can become a sympathetic addition to a prime time drama such as Ally McBeal. These transgressions from normative gender roles are frequently employed by filmmakers to examine the complexity and fluidity of modern masculinity and femininity. The roots of these explorations can be seen as far-off back as 1959s Some Like it Hot, but only in the 1990s were directors able to use these sliding identities to their fullest extent. By examining Billy manics, Neil Jordans and Kimberley Peirces use of external gender signs, gender roles, sex and sexuality in Some Like it Hot, The Crying Game and Boys fall apartt Cry, respectively, we may see the progression of gender blending from comedic device towards accepted identity. While none of these films entirely emp owers its transgendered characters, and masculinity is privileged as the more plastic identity, the latter two films nevertheless make strides towards a society where limited definitions of gender and identity do non exist.External gender signs such as costume, hair length and voice are the spectators first indication that a crossing has taken place. In Some Like it Hot, this cross-dressing has a purpose and is parodied throughout, while in The Crying Game and Boys Dont Cry, the main characters transvestitism is down-to-earth and treated with more sympathy. As our society is swamp with film images, we are comfortable with the picture of Tony Curtis and Jack Lemmon dressed as women for the film Some Like it Hot. But one must remember that gen... ... and Boys Dont Cry, on the other hand, show a move towards a society that is more willing to embrace these alternative identities. Both films use realistic disguise, behaviours and sexuality to help audiences identify with their trans gendered characters. Furthermore, sex is shown to be of little consequence when it comes to a persons true gender. Unfortunately, the portrayals of transsexuals in these two films are not yet fully liberating. The Crying Game stumbles into stereotype and limits Dils sexual behaviour, and even the most progressive of the three, Boys Dont Cry, shows Brandon dying a wretched death. However, Peirces film has come a long way in open-mindedness since the antics of Joe and Jerry in Some Like it Hot. Perhaps in the coming years a filmmaker will finally dare to portray a happy and realistic transgendered character and also let him/her live.