Male aggression is largely attributed to spousal abuse Essay -- Marria

Missing Tables Male aggression is largely attributed to spousal abuse "The truth is somewhere outside the circle." -ancient proverb The pervasiveness of spousal abuse is traceable from culture to culture. Every culture has a its unique way of dealing with spousal abuse. The fact that spousal abuse is rampant among certain societies and is completely oblivious to others indicates that spousal abuse is politically, socially, and culturally determined. However, common sense validity would imply that male-dominance is the cause of spousal abuse. This is not always true. For instance, in some cultures there is not a clear-cut gender differentiation between males and females. For those cultures, the binary gender line that exists in the Western culture does not apply to them. Incidentally, this raises the question of whether or not there is a "third gender." To delve into the topic of male dominance as attributed to spousal abuse in its comprehensiveness is beyond the scope of this paper; rather, our purpose here is to show how male-dominance affects spousal abuse by taking the cross-cultural approach. Perhaps it is worthwhile to note that the husband-wife relationship is not a linear relationship for all societies. There are some societies where females were forced to take on the role of the husband. Because the husbands were usually away from their homes, the wives became 'heads of the household.' Furthermore, the wives were allowed to beat their husbands at will if they were found of wrongdoing. It absolutely violates and contradicts the husband and wife relationship, which permeates the Western culture. Interestingly, this reversal of gender role between husband and wife proves that the husband-wife r... ...ery) Pearson Correlation 1.000 .032 Sig. (2-tailed) . .801 N 142 63 V754 Wife-Beating Pearson Correlation .032 1.000 Sig. (2-tailed) .801 . N 63 70 Summary: In conclusion, it can be safely established that male aggression plays a major role in motivating spousal abuse. As indicated, in every instance where wife-beating occurs there is a high divorce rate. Furthermore, the significance of these findings show that aggressive behavior is not a biological fact. Briefly, it is not something innate or inborn. The fact that aggression is not grounded in biology suggests that it is culturally and socially constructed. In every society, men and women learn to behave through a process of enculturation. As seen through a case with the Nuer society, women often times take on the role of the husbands. For the westerners, this sometimes comes as a shock

Sensory Perception

Our senses nourish our brain like food feeds our body, without their input our brains would be very hollow and lacking of knowledge (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007). For knowledge we heavily rely on what we perceive from our senses, as they provide first-hand experiences, giving us primary evidence on surroundings and situations. However human’s five senses touch, taste, sight, sound and smell also have their imitations, so therefore they each have weaknesses to the amount of accuracy of knowledge they can give. Starting from the sense of sight, a popular expression is â€Å"seeing is believing† as we depend on this sense to confirm reality. However beliefs from sight vary from person to person as we perceive things differently. An example of this would be the fact there was a time when people believed the earth was flat, as that was how it appeared as people could see the distant horizon as a straight line, it was only when the few thought otherwise went forth to prove against this knowledge that they were able to open new vistas of reality through their vision. Hearing, another sense has also been important for the use of human survival as a way of hearing unusual sounds that may stand for danger and for communication through language. However, human hearing can be limited, as often scientists find the existence or presence of sounds we cannot hear through our own ears. A human hearing deteriorates through age, as sensitivity towards sounds of higher frequency is lost. However our hearing is sophisticated enough that we can organize the sounds we hear, grouping and segregating these factors so in one aspect we hear what we want to hear. Sounds can also be interpreted or misinterpreted by different people as they stimulate varied emotions. As we generally connect the sounds we hear back to our memory, meaning we can recognize a person with a distinguishable voice. The sense of smell is important and is often used subconsciously for instinctual reasons. As recently discovered the extent to which the smell of a partner can affect our attraction to them. Our perceptions and evaluations others are influenced by their smell, as unpleasant smells connect to our disgusts or negative opinion of another. However, the perception of what is a good or bad smell can be interpreted differently between people as it is attached to previous knowledge gained. Knowledge, justification and critical thinking are three factors that contribute to the accuracy of sensory data (Mohanan, 2000). Critical thinking is the mental process of reflecting upon something to assess its credibility, truth, significance, usefulness, value or goodness on the basis of information available to us and a mode of justification that we consider legitimate. Critical thinking, knowledge and justification support the accuracy of information that our senses feed our brain. What we call knowledge is a collection of propositions that we believe to be true. A knowledge claim becomes part of the knowledge for an individual when the claim is accepted as true. Justification involves providing reasons for accepting propositions that we regards as knowledge, that is, for considering them to be true. It also involved providing reasons for rejecting the propositions that we regard as non-knowledge, considering them to be false. In other words, justification involves the defense of what we regards as true, and the refutation of what we regard as false. Observations, generalizations and theories are strategies of justification when using the senses as a viable way of gaining knowledge. Psychologists have long debated if perception is in fact due to nature or nurture. Beginning from the view point of nature, Gibson’s bottom up/direct theory that all the information we need to perceive is provided by our visual environment e. g. nature, rather than having to use past knowledge or experience (Mace, 2005). Additionally, Gibson and Gibson later proposed their Differentiation Theory which explains how the innate system develops. They suggested when young, we lack the ability to differentiate between objects. However, as we get older we develop the ability to differentiate, for this to take place all the necessary information needed is found is our visual environment. Next, from the view point that perception is a processes of nurture comes from Gregory’s top down/indirect theory which suggest that often the perceptual sensory data we receive is ambiguous and impoverished so perception often relies on the construction of sensory data, stored knowledge and expectations (McLeod, 2007). Research would suggest that although some argue that perception is due to nature, while other argues for nurture, it may in fact be that the two factors are interdependent and rely on each other. After all, it would be most adaptive to be born with some ‘hard wired systems’ which can be pruned and then developed to suit our environment. The human senses have enough strength to enable us to survive and develop our knowledge of our surrounding world to a point a point which we feel comfortable. Each sense has its limitations as well as its capability to be influenced by our inherited preferences, memories or previous knowledge. The senses an also be influenced by certain human states as tiredness, drug/alcohol abuse, nutritional deficiencies are all detrimental to the sensitivity of senses causing us to perceive something mistakenly. Our senses tell us similar things: through our different experiences in life we absorb the facts in different ways.

Jennifer McFadyen - ThoughtCo

War Between Countries And The Time Frame Of The Vast...

I would like to know more in depth what happened during major wars in the past hundred years as well as the weapons that changed war since then. History throughout time has been in great interest to me because it is fun to learn about why certain events happened in time and the impact that resulted. The topic war, in particular, is the most fascinating thing that occurs throughout history to me because of the fact that it has been used as a way to dispute conflicts between countries and the time frame of the vast advancements that have been made in weaponry in the past one hundred years. I feel I have accumulated basic knowledge about war throughout my high school years by taking world and U.S history courses. These courses were the easiest for me to learn because I was real intrigued to know why something happened which led for another event to happen. To begin my search process, I thought of material I already knew for my subject. Then after coming to a conclusions on material I felt like learning more about, I began reading material off ordinary websites on my laptop. Discovering that some websites were useless led me to rethink my choices. While reconsidering what to do, I simply went to the C.O.S academic data base and clicked on the links â€Å"SIRS Issue Researcher† and â€Å"Global Issues in Context†. These are the primary tools I used for most of my research. At first it was difficult due to some of the articles not containing the information I needed and were just boring.Show MoreRelatedMilitary Capability During Peacetime Innovation1397 Words   |  6 Pagesfour crucial factors for enhancing military capability during peacetime innovation. Therefore, countries that effectively manage internal resources, and are funded through political support will often be at the forefront of military development. 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Also, with the help of ground proximity warning systems, the danger of flight into terrain has been all but eliminated. Advancements in pilot training with the use of simulators has allowed for training that might not have been available with them. The use of advanced navigational aids and advanced weather forecasting has also played very important roles. This paper will look

Nurses Code Of Ethics Or Standards Of Practice - 914 Words

What does Sue need to know about herself to determine how she will make decisions about providing care for indigent persons? Nurses use their personal values, professional values, nursing ethics, standards of practice, and the scope of nursing to care and advocate for their patients. Sue needs to recognize her own personal and professional value system when caring for indigent patients. Cherry and Jacob (2014) describe a value as a personal belief of how one feels, thinks, and actions to take when presented with difficult decisions (p. 171). It is crucial for nurses to recognize how they would act in a particular situation and clearly identify if this action would violate the nurses code of ethics or standards of practice. All healthcare specialists are faced with ethical dilemmas that put strain on professional and personal values but nurses should use the ethical and legislative framework to support their decisions (Inggs Christensen, 2015, p. 20) In what phase of the policymaking process would Sue enter to initiate changes? Nurses play a vital role in policymaking that can impact the nursing society and public population for years to come. Hamer (2015) voiced her concerns stating â€Å"short-term decisions have long term consequences† such as government cutbacks on expenses and nursing staff (p. 11). Nursing shortages has a direct impact on quality of care and patient safety which emphasizes the need for more nurses to be involved in policymaking. Cherry and Jacob (2014)Show MoreRelatedNurses Association s Code Of Ethics For Nurses And Scope And Standards Of Nursing Practice Essay864 Words   |  4 Pagesbehalf of a patient or population. 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Charles Riffe Essay Example For Students

Charles Riffe Essay Cronan CaseemailprotectedFacts:Paul Cronan was employed by New England Telephone Company (NET) in1973 as a file clerk and promoted to service technician in 1983. In 1985,for a period of six month, Cronan began sporadically missing work due toAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) related symptoms. Cronans supervisor requested explanation of the absences and assuredCronan that this would be kept confidential. Cronan explained his AIDSstatus, was excused for the day, and subsequently ordered to see thecompany doctor. Two days later Cronan was informed by a co-worker that shehad heard he had AIDS and that other co-workers were threatening Cronanwith bodily harm should he return. Fearing for his safety and healthCronan requested he be placed on medical leave, this was granted withbenefits. In late August 1985 Cronan felt well enough to return to work. Heobtained the required medical fitness certification but was hesitant toreturn to the South Boston office he had worked in. Informed thatdisparaging graffiti had been left on the bathroom stalls he used, and thatmanagers within the company had promised to have his work areasdisinfected, Cronan was fearful for his safety and requested a transfer. Aresponse to his request was not forthcoming. Cronan fell ill again inearly September and received a letter offering his original position withno mention of the transfer request. In December of 1985 Cronan, assisted by the Civil Liberties Union ofMassachusetts, filed a $1.45 million civil lawsuit in state court againstNET charging violations of state privacy law for disclosure of Cronansillness. The suite also alleged discrimination, claiming that AIDS was ahandicap and thus was covered by statutes prohibiting discrimination. Cronan was hospitalized several more times but by the spring of 1986had improved. In June, he was notified that his illness benefits hadelapsed and was being placed on long-term disability, which meant he was nolonger a NET employee. In October of 1986, Cronan and NET reached an agreement allowingCronan to return to work the following week. After his return Cronan faced a hostile environment which includedwritten threats to gays and lesbians, union grievances filed stating Cronanwas a violation of the health and safety agreement, and workers refusal toenter the same building with Cronan. The union alleged NET was not providing sufficient education toemployees concerning the risks associated with AIDS. NET maintained it hadundertaken a good faith effort to educate employees concerning AIDS andthe myths associated with AIDS. Legal AnalysisIssues:Cronan was terminated when he received notice his benefits hadlapsed. Was this a legal termination under relevant employment law?Were privacy or employment rights violated when Cronans conditionwas made known to the workforce at large?In light of Cronans illness, where violations committed under theAmericans with Disabilities Act?Cronans illness could be perceived as sexual in nature. Was Cronansubjected to sexual harassment under the meaning of the applicable statues?Application:Cronans long history with illness and the related attendance recordset into motion the process leading to his termination. The companyfollowed established procedures when notifying Cronan of his eventualtermination and placement in long-term disability status. The Civil Rights Act (CRA) of 1964 applies to this case because NETemploys more than fifteen employees. The act protects workers andprospective workers from discrimination in hiring, terminating,compensating or setting the terms and conditions of employment based onsex, color, religion, race or national origin. Cronan was not an obvious member of a protected class. However, theactions of management and the nature of his illness created a situation inwhich Cronan was subject to harassment of a sexual nature, which is coveredby the Act. Your Son EssayConversely, NETS release of Cronans medical information to thegeneral employees would yield a single answer using either utilitycriteria. If utility is defined as happiness and harmony, then NET could havepreserved the maximum utility by keeping Cronans situation confidentialand continuing to employ Cronan when he was physically able to work. Thisagain correlates to increased production and would yield the same result ifutility were defined using productivity as a standard. One of the major criticisms of Utility theory is that it fails whenit is applied to situations involving social justice. In order to arriveat a different answer under Utilitarian thought, utility would need to bedefined using all persons possibly affected by discriminatory behavior likethat perpetrated by NET. In Kantian theory, an action is morally right for a person in acertain situation if, and only if, the persons reason for carrying out theactions is a reason that he or she would be willing to have every personact on, in a similar way. Simplified, due unto to others, as you wouldhave them do unto you. Examining the privacy issue one could assume that any member of NETsmanagement would not want his or her personal information released to thegeneral employee population. Kantian philosophy would indicate that it istherefore unethical for management to release private information. What if management felt the information concerned the health of otheremployee?It could still be maintained that management placed in Cronanssituation would not wish private information divulged. When Kantian theory is applied to NETs subsequent actions andbehavior the answers derived are not as clear. NETs inactions to provide reasonable considerations for Cronansillness would seem unethical because if placed in a similar situation, areasonable person would wish to be similarly accommodated. However, thisdoes not take into consideration the safety of fellow workers. Little was known about AIDS and how it was spread during the Cronancase. Medical experts were not able to say with certainty that HIV couldnot spread through some forms of casual contact. This being the case, itis reasonable to assume many individuals would feel it was correct toisolate infected individuals even if they themselves were to become theinfected party. This leads to a criticism of Kantian theory. The lack of clearresolution when the rights of differing parties clash. The theory does notprovide clear guidance as to the ranking of rights. Does ones right tofreedom and dignity outweigh anothers rights to live free from fear ofdisease and death?Under strict Kantian interpretation, if the perpetrators of an actwould wish it to be universalized, then the act is ethical. Under thisguideline, an acts ethical status depends solely upon the actor and notthe action.

The Woman Speaks to the Man Who Has Employed Her Son. free essay sample

The Woman Speaks to the Man who has employed Her Son This poem is relatively easy to understand. Here is a synopsis of the poem The Woman Speaks to the Man who has employed Her Son by Loran Goodish In this poem, a mother expresses her deep affection for her son. She reflects on the unfortunate circumstances of her life as a single parent. She is now concerned about the welfare of her son. This woman is seen as one, whose deep devotion and dedication to her son make her transcend her difficulties.Her responsibility to her son takes priority. But what shatters her now, is the fact that her son is employed by money who appears to be engaged in shady activities. To her, the gun he carries is a symbol of destructiveness and criminal activities. The conversational style of the poem makes the reader empathic with the thoughts and feelings of the mother. We will write a custom essay sample on The Woman Speaks to the Man Who Has Employed Her Son. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reader discerns in the mother, fortitude, resilience and spiritual strength which inform her actions.Did you identify the themes and literary devices in this poem? What are they? Answer these Questions 1 . What is the theme of the poem? 2. The mood of the poem is one of (a) disgust and anger (b) optimism and hope (c) sadness and despair 3. Which of these words describe the tone of the poem? Formal, conversational, angry, serious? 4. What do the lines a metallic tide, rising in her mouth each morning suggest about the mother?